Primary Passage: Ezekiel 40:1–48:35
Related Passages: Exodus 25:8–9; 1 Kings 8:10–13; Ezekiel 8–11; 37:24–28; Haggai 2:6–9; Zechariah 6:12–13; John 1:14; 2:19–21; 4:21–24; 1 Corinthians 3:16–17; Ephesians 2:19–22; Hebrews 8–10; Revelation 21:9–22:5
Topic: Ezekiel’s Temple

Originally published September 9, 2026. Last revised September 18, 2026.

Ezekiel’s Temple: The Return of God’s Glory

Ezekiel’s final vision is one of the longest and most intricate visions in Scripture. Nine chapters describe a temple, its courts and chambers, its priests and offerings, the return of the glory of the LORD, a river that heals the Dead Sea, a reordered land, and a city whose name is The LORD Is There. The measurements can initially seem remote from Christian life. Read in the movement of the whole book, however, they answer its central catastrophe: the glory of God that departed from a defiled temple returns to dwell forever among a purified people.

The vision should not be forced into a single narrow category. It spoke real hope to exiles whose city and temple had been destroyed. It also exceeds the form of the Second Temple later built under Zerubbabel. Its supernatural river, symmetrical tribal inheritance, transformed geography, and close relationship to the New Jerusalem disclose a reality larger than ordinary architecture. The Orthodox Fathers therefore retain the history while also reading the vision spiritually and Christologically.

“In holy Scripture those things that can be accepted according to the history are very frequently to be understood spiritually, so that faith in the truth of history is retained and spiritual understanding is derived from the mysteries of allegory.”1

St. Gregory the Great (about AD 540–604), Bishop of Rome and a revered Orthodox Father, said this at the beginning of the second book of his Homilies on Ezekiel, which is devoted to the temple vision. His rule is valuable: the spiritual interpretation does not erase the prophet’s historical world; it discovers the mystery toward which that history points.

Explore the Temple in Three Dimensions

This interactive model presents a measured reconstruction of Ezekiel’s temple vision in chapters 40–43. It follows the recorded dimensions in a common reconstruction; where the biblical text does not specify heights, roof forms, or other details, the model necessarily uses estimates. Drag to rotate the view, scroll to zoom, and use the controls to change viewpoints, show the interior, or hide the labels.

Open the interactive model in a separate window.

The Vision in the Story of Ezekiel

The temple vision reverses Ezekiel 8–11. There the prophet is shown idolatry within the old temple. The divine glory rises from the cherubim, pauses at the threshold, moves to the east gate, and finally departs to the mountain east of Jerusalem (Ezekiel 10:18–19; 11:22–23). In the final vision the glory returns from precisely the east:

1 Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looks toward the east. 2 Behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east. His voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory. 4 The LORD’s glory came into the house by the way of the gate which faces toward the east. 5 The Spirit took me up and brought me into the inner court; and behold, the LORD’s glory filled the house.

—Ezekiel 43:1–2, 4–5

This is also the fulfillment of the promise immediately preceding the Gog prophecies:

26 Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them. It will be an everlasting covenant with them. I will place them, multiply them, and will set my sanctuary among them forever more. 27 My tent also will be with them. I will be their God, and they will be my people. 28 The nations will know that I am the LORD who sanctifies Israel, when my sanctuary is among them forever more.

—Ezekiel 37:26–28

A Guide to the Nine Chapters

  1. Ezekiel 40–42: A heavenly guide measures the gates, courts, rooms, sanctuary, and holy precinct. Repeated measurements emphasize order, proportion, boundaries, and holiness.
  2. Ezekiel 43: The glory of the LORD returns. God declares the house the place of His throne, and the altar is described and consecrated.
  3. Ezekiel 44: The east gate is shut after the LORD enters. Access to the sanctuary is guarded, and the ministries of Levites and Zadokite priests are distinguished.
  4. Ezekiel 45–46: The holy district, prince, offerings, feasts, Sabbaths, and patterns of entry and departure are ordered around worship.
  5. Ezekiel 47: Water flows from beneath the temple, deepens into an uncrossable river, heals the sea, and nourishes trees whose fruit is food and leaves are medicine. The land’s borders and an inheritance for resident foreigners follow.
  6. Ezekiel 48: The land is apportioned symmetrically around the holy offering. The vision closes with the gates of the city and its new name: The LORD Is There.

The Complete Temple Vision

The following is the complete text of Ezekiel 40–48. A cubit in this vision is a standard cubit plus a handbreadth (Ezekiel 40:5), approximately twenty-one to twenty-two inches, or about fifty-three to fifty-seven centimeters.

Ezekiel 40

1 In the twenty-fifth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year after the city was struck, in the same day, the LORD’s hand was on me, and he brought me there. 2 In the visions of God he brought me into the land of Israel, and set me down on a very high mountain, on which was something like the frame of a city to the south. 3 He brought me there; and, behold, there was a man whose appearance was like the appearance of bronze, with a line of flax in his hand and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate. 4 The man said to me, “Son of man, see with your eyes, and hear with your ears, and set your heart on all that I will show you; for you have been brought here so that I may show them to you. Declare all that you see to the house of Israel.”

5 Behold, there was a wall on the outside of the house all around, and in the man’s hand a measuring reed six cubits long, of a cubit and a hand width each. So he measured the thickness of the building, one reed; and the height, one reed.

6 Then he came to the gate which looks toward the east, and went up its steps. He measured the threshold of the gate, one reed wide; and the other threshold, one reed wide. 7 Every lodge was one reed long and one reed wide. Between the lodges was five cubits. The threshold of the gate by the porch of the gate toward the house was one reed.

8 He measured also the porch of the gate toward the house, one reed. 9 Then he measured the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and its posts, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was toward the house.

10 The side rooms of the gate eastward were three on this side, and three on that side. The three of them were of one measure. The posts had one measure on this side and on that side. 11 He measured the width of the opening of the gate, ten cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits; 12 and a border before the lodges, one cubit on this side, and a border, one cubit on that side; and the side rooms, six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side. 13 He measured the gate from the roof of the one side room to the roof of the other, a width of twenty-five cubits, door against door. 14 He also made posts, sixty cubits; and the court reached to the posts, around the gate. 15 From the forefront of the gate at the entrance to the forefront of the inner porch of the gate were fifty cubits. 16 There were closed windows to the side rooms, and to their posts within the gate all around, and likewise to the arches. Windows were around inward. Palm trees were on each post.

17 Then he brought me into the outer court. Behold, there were rooms and a pavement made for the court all around. Thirty rooms were on the pavement. 18 The pavement was by the side of the gates, corresponding to the length of the gates, even the lower pavement. 19 Then he measured the width from the forefront of the lower gate to the forefront of the inner court outside, one hundred cubits, both on the east and on the north.

20 He measured the length and width of the gate of the outer court which faces toward the north. 21 The lodges of it were three on this side and three on that side. Its posts and its arches were the same as the measure of the first gate: its length was fifty cubits, and the width twenty-five cubits. 22 Its windows, its arches, and its palm trees were the same as the measure of the gate which faces toward the east. They went up to it by seven steps. Its arches were before them. 23 There was a gate to the inner court facing the other gate, on the north and on the east. He measured one hundred cubits from gate to gate.

24 He led me toward the south; and behold, there was a gate toward the south. He measured its posts and its arches according to these measurements. 25 There were windows in it and in its arches all around, like the other windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the width twenty-five cubits. 26 There were seven steps to go up to it, and its arches were before them. It had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, on its posts. 27 There was a gate to the inner court toward the south. He measured one hundred cubits from gate to gate toward the south.

28 Then he brought me to the inner court by the south gate. He measured the south gate according to these measurements; 29 with its lodges, its posts, and its arches, according to these measurements. There were windows in it and in its arches all around. It was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits wide. 30 There were arches all around, twenty-five cubits long and five cubits wide. 31 Its arches were toward the outer court. Palm trees were on its posts. The ascent to it had eight steps.

32 He brought me into the inner court toward the east. He measured the gate according to these measurements; 33 with its lodges, its posts, and its arches, according to these measurements. There were windows in it and in its arches all around. It was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits wide. 34 Its arches were toward the outer court. Palm trees were on its posts on this side and on that side. The ascent to it had eight steps.

35 He brought me to the north gate, and he measured it according to these measurements— 36 its lodges, its posts, and its arches. There were windows in it all around. The length was fifty cubits and the width twenty-five cubits. 37 Its posts were toward the outer court. Palm trees were on its posts on this side and on that side. The ascent to it had eight steps.

38 A room with its door was by the posts at the gates. They washed the burnt offering there. 39 In the porch of the gate were two tables on this side and two tables on that side, on which to kill the burnt offering, the sin offering, and the trespass offering. 40 On the one side outside, as one goes up to the entry of the gate toward the north, were two tables; and on the other side, which belonged to the porch of the gate, were two tables. 41 Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by the side of the gate: eight tables, on which they killed the sacrifices. 42 There were four cut stone tables for the burnt offering, a cubit and a half long, a cubit and a half wide, and one cubit high. They laid the instruments with which they killed the burnt offering and the sacrifice on them. 43 The hooks, a hand width long, were fastened within all around. The meat of the offering was on the tables.

44 Outside of the inner gate were rooms for the singers in the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate. They faced toward the south. One at the side of the east gate faced toward the north. 45 He said to me, “This room, which faces toward the south, is for the priests who perform the duty of the house. 46 The room which faces toward the north is for the priests who perform the duty of the altar. These are the sons of Zadok, who from among the sons of Levi come near to the LORD to minister to him.” 47 He measured the court, one hundred cubits long and one hundred cubits wide, square. The altar was before the house.

48 Then he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side. The width of the gate was three cubits on this side and three cubits on that side. 49 The length of the porch was twenty cubits and the width eleven cubits, even by the steps by which they went up to it. There were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another on that side.

Ezekiel 41

1 He brought me to the nave and measured the posts, six cubits wide on the one side and six cubits wide on the other side, which was the width of the tent. 2 The width of the entrance was ten cubits, and the sides of the entrance were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other side. He measured its length, forty cubits, and the width, twenty cubits.

3 Then he went inward and measured each post of the entrance, two cubits; and the entrance, six cubits; and the width of the entrance, seven cubits. 4 He measured its length, twenty cubits, and the width, twenty cubits, before the nave. He said to me, “This is the most holy place.”

5 Then he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the width of every side room, four cubits, all around the house on every side. 6 The side rooms were in three stories, one over another, and thirty in each story. They entered into the wall which belonged to the house for the side rooms all around, that they might be supported and not penetrate the wall of the house. 7 The side rooms were wider on the higher levels, because the walls were narrower at the higher levels. Therefore the width of the house increased upward; and so one went up from the lowest level to the highest through the middle level.

8 I saw also that the house had a raised base all around. The foundations of the side rooms were a full reed of six great cubits. 9 The thickness of the outer wall of the side rooms was five cubits. That which was left was the place of the side rooms that belonged to the house. 10 Between the rooms was a width of twenty cubits around the house on every side. 11 The doors of the side rooms were toward an open area that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south. The width of the open area was five cubits all around.

12 The building that was before the separate place at the side toward the west was seventy cubits wide; and the wall of the building was five cubits thick all around, and its length ninety cubits.

13 So he measured the temple, one hundred cubits long; and the separate place, and the building, with its walls, one hundred cubits long; 14 also the width of the face of the temple, and of the separate place toward the east, one hundred cubits.

15 He measured the length of the building before the separate place which was at its back, and its galleries on the one side and on the other side, one hundred cubits from the inner temple, and the porches of the court, 16 the thresholds, and the closed windows, and the galleries around on their three stories, opposite the threshold, with wood ceilings all around, and from the ground up to the windows, (now the windows were covered), 17 to the space above the door, even to the inner house, and outside, and by all the wall all around inside and outside, by measure. 18 It was made with cherubim and palm trees. A palm tree was between cherub and cherub, and every cherub had two faces, 19 so that there was the face of a man toward the palm tree on the one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the other side. It was made like this through all the house all around. 20 Cherubim and palm trees were made from the ground to above the door. The wall of the temple was like this.

21 The door posts of the nave were squared. As for the face of the nave, its appearance was as the appearance of the temple. 22 The altar was of wood, three cubits high, and its length two cubits. Its corners, its base, and its walls were of wood. He said to me, “This is the table that is before the LORD.” 23 The temple and the sanctuary had two doors. 24 The doors had two leaves each, two turning leaves: two for the one door, and two leaves for the other. 25 There were made on them, on the doors of the nave, cherubim and palm trees, like those made on the walls. There was a threshold of wood on the face of the porch outside. 26 There were closed windows and palm trees on the one side and on the other side, on the sides of the porch. This is how the side rooms of the temple and the thresholds were arranged.

Ezekiel 42

1 Then he brought me out into the outer court, the way toward the north. Then he brought me into the room that was opposite the separate place, and which was opposite the building toward the north. 2 Facing the length of one hundred cubits was the north door, and the width was fifty cubits. 3 Opposite the twenty cubits which belonged to the inner court, and opposite the pavement which belonged to the outer court, was gallery against gallery in the three stories. 4 Before the rooms was a walk of ten cubits’ width inward, a way of one cubit; and their doors were toward the north. 5 Now the upper rooms were shorter; for the galleries took away from these more than from the lower and the middle in the building. 6 For they were in three stories, and they didn’t have pillars as the pillars of the courts. Therefore the uppermost was set back more than the lowest and the middle from the ground. 7 The wall that was outside by the side of the rooms, toward the outer court before the rooms, was fifty cubits long. 8 For the length of the rooms that were in the outer court was fifty cubits. Behold, those facing the temple were one hundred cubits. 9 From under these rooms was the entry on the east side, as one goes into them from the outer court.

10 In the thickness of the wall of the court toward the east, before the separate place, and before the building, there were rooms. 11 The way before them was like the appearance of the rooms which were toward the north. Their length and width were the same. All their exits had the same arrangement and doors. 12 Like the doors of the rooms that were toward the south was a door at the head of the way, even the way directly before the wall toward the east, as one enters into them.

13 Then he said to me, “The north rooms and the south rooms, which are opposite the separate place, are the holy rooms, where the priests who are near to the LORD shall eat the most holy things. There they shall lay the most holy things, with the meal offering, the sin offering, and the trespass offering; for the place is holy. 14 When the priests enter in, then they shall not go out of the holy place into the outer court until they lay their garments in which they minister there; for they are holy. Then they shall put on other garments, and shall approach that which is for the people.”

15 Now when he had finished measuring the inner house, he brought me out by the way of the gate which faces toward the east, and measured it all around. 16 He measured on the east side with the measuring reed five hundred reeds, with the measuring reed all around. 17 He measured on the north side five hundred reeds with the measuring reed all around. 18 He measured on the south side five hundred reeds with the measuring reed. 19 He turned about to the west side, and measured five hundred reeds with the measuring reed. 20 He measured it on the four sides. It had a wall around it, the length five hundred cubits, and the width five hundred cubits, to make a separation between that which was holy and that which was common.

Ezekiel 43

1 Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looks toward the east. 2 Behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east. His voice was like the sound of many waters; and the earth was illuminated with his glory. 3 It was like the appearance of the vision which I saw, even according to the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city; and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the river Chebar; and I fell on my face. 4 The LORD’s glory came into the house by the way of the gate which faces toward the east. 5 The Spirit took me up and brought me into the inner court; and behold, the LORD’s glory filled the house.

6 I heard one speaking to me out of the house, and a man stood by me. 7 He said to me, “Son of man, this is the place of my throne and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell among the children of Israel forever. The house of Israel will no more defile my holy name, neither they nor their kings, by their prostitution and by the dead bodies of their kings in their high places; 8 in their setting of their threshold by my threshold and their door post beside my door post. There was a wall between me and them; and they have defiled my holy name by their abominations which they have committed. Therefore I have consumed them in my anger. 9 Now let them put away their prostitution, and the dead bodies of their kings far from me. Then I will dwell among them forever.

10 “You, son of man, show the house to the house of Israel, that they may be ashamed of their iniquities; and let them measure the pattern. 11 If they are ashamed of all that they have done, make known to them the form of the house, its fashion, its exits, its entrances, its structure, all its ordinances, all its forms, and all its laws; and write it in their sight, that they may keep the whole form of it, and all its ordinances, and do them.

12 “This is the law of the house. On the top of the mountain the whole limit around it shall be most holy. Behold, this is the law of the house.

13 “These are the measurements of the altar by cubits (the cubit is a cubit and a hand width): the bottom shall be a cubit, and the width a cubit, and its border around its edge a span; and this shall be the base of the altar. 14 From the bottom on the ground to the lower ledge shall be two cubits, and the width one cubit; and from the lesser ledge to the greater ledge shall be four cubits, and the width a cubit. 15 The upper altar shall be four cubits; and from the altar hearth and upward there shall be four horns. 16 The altar hearth shall be twelve cubits long by twelve wide, square in its four sides. 17 The ledge shall be fourteen cubits long by fourteen wide in its four sides; and the border about it shall be half a cubit; and its bottom shall be a cubit around; and its steps shall look toward the east.”

18 He said to me, “Son of man, the Lord GOD says: ‘These are the ordinances of the altar in the day when they make it, to offer burnt offerings on it, and to sprinkle blood on it. 19 You shall give to the Levitical priests who are of the offspring of Zadok, who are near to me, to minister to me,’ says the Lord GOD, ‘a young bull for a sin offering. 20 You shall take of its blood and put it on its four horns, and on the four corners of the ledge, and on the border all around. You shall cleanse it and make atonement for it that way. 21 You shall also take the bull of the sin offering, and it shall be burned in the appointed place of the house, outside of the sanctuary.

22 “On the second day you shall offer a male goat without defect for a sin offering; and they shall cleanse the altar, as they cleansed it with the bull. 23 When you have finished cleansing it, you shall offer a young bull without defect and a ram out of the flock without defect. 24 You shall bring them near to the LORD, and the priests shall cast salt on them, and they shall offer them up for a burnt offering to the LORD.

25 “Seven days you shall prepare every day a goat for a sin offering. They shall also prepare a young bull and a ram out of the flock, without defect. 26 Seven days shall they make atonement for the altar and purify it. So shall they consecrate it. 27 When they have accomplished the days, it shall be that on the eighth day and onward, the priests shall make your burnt offerings on the altar and your peace offerings. Then I will accept you,’ says the Lord GOD.”

Ezekiel 44

1 Then he brought me back by the way of the outer gate of the sanctuary, which looks toward the east; and it was shut. 2 The LORD said to me, “This gate shall be shut. It shall not be opened, no man shall enter in by it; for the LORD, the God of Israel, has entered in by it. Therefore it shall be shut. 3 As for the prince, he shall sit in it as prince to eat bread before the LORD. He shall enter by the way of the porch of the gate, and shall go out the same way.”

4 Then he brought me by the way of the north gate before the house; and I looked, and behold, the LORD’s glory filled the LORD’s house; so I fell on my face.

5 The LORD said to me, “Son of man, mark well, and see with your eyes, and hear with your ears all that I tell you concerning all the ordinances of the LORD’s house and all its laws; and mark well the entrance of the house, with every exit of the sanctuary. 6 You shall tell the rebellious, even the house of Israel, ‘The Lord GOD says: “You house of Israel, let that be enough of all your abominations, 7 in that you have brought in foreigners, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to profane it, even my house, when you offer my bread, the fat and the blood; and they have broken my covenant, to add to all your abominations. 8 You have not performed the duty of my holy things; but you have set performers of my duty in my sanctuary for yourselves.” 9 The Lord GOD says, “No foreigner, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, shall enter into my sanctuary, of any foreigners who are among the children of Israel.

10 “ ‘ “But the Levites who went far from me when Israel went astray, who went astray from me after their idols, they will bear their iniquity. 11 Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having oversight at the gates of the house, and ministering in the house. They shall kill the burnt offering and the sacrifice for the people, and they shall stand before them to minister to them. 12 Because they ministered to them before their idols, and became a stumbling block of iniquity to the house of Israel, therefore I have lifted up my hand against them,” says the Lord GOD, “and they will bear their iniquity. 13 They shall not come near to me, to execute the office of priest to me, nor to come near to any of my holy things, to the things that are most holy; but they will bear their shame and their abominations which they have committed. 14 Yet I will make them performers of the duty of the house, for all its service and for all that will be done therein.

15 “ ‘ “But the Levitical priests, the sons of Zadok, who performed the duty of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from me, shall come near to me to minister to me. They shall stand before me to offer to me the fat and the blood,” says the Lord GOD. 16 “They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come near to my table, to minister to me, and they shall keep my instruction.

17 “ ‘ “It will be that when they enter in at the gates of the inner court, they shall be clothed with linen garments. No wool shall come on them while they minister in the gates of the inner court, and within. 18 They shall have linen turbans on their heads, and shall have linen trousers on their waists. They shall not clothe themselves with anything that makes them sweat. 19 When they go out into the outer court, even into the outer court to the people, they shall put off their garments in which they minister and lay them in the holy rooms. They shall put on other garments, that they not sanctify the people with their garments.

20 “ ‘ “They shall not shave their heads, or allow their locks to grow long. They shall only cut off the hair of their heads. 21 None of the priests shall drink wine when they enter into the inner court. 22 They shall not take for their wives a widow, or her who is put away; but they shall take virgins of the offspring of the house of Israel, or a widow who is the widow of a priest. 23 They shall teach my people the difference between the holy and the common, and cause them to discern between the unclean and the clean.

24 “ ‘ “In a controversy they shall stand to judge. They shall judge it according to my ordinances. They shall keep my laws and my statutes in all my appointed feasts. They shall make my Sabbaths holy.

25 “ ‘ “They shall go in to no dead person to defile themselves; but for father, or for mother, or for son, or for daughter, for brother, or for sister who has had no husband, they may defile themselves. 26 After he is cleansed, they shall reckon to him seven days. 27 In the day that he goes into the sanctuary, into the inner court, to minister in the sanctuary, he shall offer his sin offering,” says the Lord GOD.

28 “ ‘They shall have an inheritance: I am their inheritance; and you shall give them no possession in Israel. I am their possession. 29 They shall eat the meal offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering; and every devoted thing in Israel shall be theirs. 30 The first of all the first fruits of every thing, and every offering of everything, of all your offerings, shall be for the priest. You shall also give to the priests the first of your dough, to cause a blessing to rest on your house. 31 The priests shall not eat of anything that dies of itself or is torn, whether it is bird or animal.

Ezekiel 45

1 “ ‘ “Moreover, when you divide by lot the land for inheritance, you shall offer an offering to the LORD, a holy portion of the land. The length shall be the length of twenty-five thousand reeds, and the width shall be ten thousand. It shall be holy in all its border all around. 2 Of this there shall be a five hundred by five hundred square for the holy place, and fifty cubits for its pasture lands all around. 3 Of this measure you shall measure a length of twenty-five thousand, and a width of ten thousand. In it shall be the sanctuary, which is most holy. 4 It is a holy portion of the land; it shall be for the priests, the ministers of the sanctuary, who come near to minister to the LORD. It shall be a place for their houses and a holy place for the sanctuary. 5 Twenty-five thousand cubits in length and ten thousand in width shall be for the Levites, the ministers of the house, as a possession for themselves, for twenty rooms.

6 “ ‘ “You shall appoint the possession of the city five thousand cubits wide and twenty-five thousand long, side by side with the offering of the holy portion. It shall be for the whole house of Israel.

7 “ ‘ “What is for the prince shall be on the one side and on the other side of the holy allotment and of the possession of the city, in front of the holy allotment and in front of the possession of the city, on the west side westward, and on the east side eastward, and in length corresponding to one of the portions, from the west border to the east border. 8 In the land it shall be to him for a possession in Israel. My princes shall no more oppress my people, but they shall give the land to the house of Israel according to their tribes.”

9 “ ‘The Lord GOD says: “Enough, you princes of Israel! Remove violence and plunder, and execute justice and righteousness! Stop dispossessing my people!” says the Lord GOD. 10 “You shall have just balances, a just ephah, and a just bath. 11 The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, that the bath may contain one tenth of a homer, and the ephah one tenth of a homer. Its measure shall be the same as the homer. 12 The shekel shall be twenty gerahs. Twenty shekels plus twenty-five shekels plus fifteen shekels shall be your mina.

13 “ ‘ “This is the offering that you shall offer: the sixth part of an ephah from a homer of wheat, and you shall give the sixth part of an ephah from a homer of barley, 14 and the set portion of oil, of the bath of oil, one tenth of a bath out of the cor, which is ten baths, even a homer (for ten baths are a homer), 15 and one lamb of the flock out of two hundred, from the well-watered pastures of Israel—for a meal offering, for a burnt offering, and for peace offerings, to make atonement for them,” says the Lord GOD. 16 “All the people of the land shall give to this offering for the prince in Israel. 17 It shall be the prince’s part to give the burnt offerings, the meal offerings, and the drink offerings, in the feasts, and on the new moons, and on the Sabbaths, in all the appointed feasts of the house of Israel. He shall prepare the sin offering, the meal offering, the burnt offering, and the peace offerings, to make atonement for the house of Israel.”

18 “ ‘The Lord GOD says: “In the first month, on the first day of the month, you shall take a young bull without defect, and you shall cleanse the sanctuary. 19 The priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering and put it on the door posts of the house, and on the four corners of the ledge of the altar, and on the posts of the gate of the inner court. 20 So you shall do on the seventh day of the month for everyone who errs, and for him who is simple. So you shall make atonement for the house.

21 “ ‘ “In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, you shall have the Passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be eaten. 22 On that day the prince shall prepare for himself and for all the people of the land a bull for a sin offering. 23 The seven days of the feast he shall prepare a burnt offering to the LORD, seven bulls and seven rams without defect daily the seven days; and a male goat daily for a sin offering. 24 He shall prepare a meal offering, an ephah for a bull, an ephah for a ram, and a hin of oil to an ephah.

25 “ ‘ “In the seventh month, on the fifteenth day of the month, during the feast, he shall do like that for seven days. He shall make the same provision for sin offering, the burnt offering, the meal offering, and the oil.”

Ezekiel 46

1 “ ‘The Lord GOD says: “The gate of the inner court that looks toward the east shall be shut the six working days; but on the Sabbath day it shall be opened, and on the day of the new moon it shall be opened. 2 The prince shall enter by the way of the porch of the gate outside, and shall stand by the post of the gate; and the priests shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, and he shall worship at the threshold of the gate. Then he shall go out, but the gate shall not be shut until the evening. 3 The people of the land shall worship at the door of that gate before the LORD on the Sabbaths and on the new moons. 4 The burnt offering that the prince shall offer to the LORD shall be on the Sabbath day, six lambs without defect and a ram without defect; 5 and the meal offering shall be an ephah for the ram, and the meal offering for the lambs as he is able to give, and a hin of oil to an ephah. 6 On the day of the new moon it shall be a young bull without defect, six lambs, and a ram. They shall be without defect. 7 He shall prepare a meal offering: an ephah for the bull, and an ephah for the ram, and for the lambs according as he is able, and a hin of oil to an ephah. 8 When the prince enters, he shall go in by the way of the porch of the gate, and he shall go out by its way.

9 “ ‘ “But when the people of the land come before the LORD in the appointed feasts, he who enters by the way of the north gate to worship shall go out by the way of the south gate; and he who enters by the way of the south gate shall go out by the way of the north gate. He shall not return by the way of the gate by which he came in, but shall go out straight before him. 10 The prince shall go in with them when they go in. When they go out, he shall go out.

11 “ ‘ “In the feasts and in the appointed holidays, the meal offering shall be an ephah for a bull, and an ephah for a ram, and for the lambs as he is able to give, and a hin of oil to an ephah. 12 When the prince prepares a free will offering, a burnt offering or peace offerings as a free will offering to the LORD, one shall open for him the gate that looks toward the east; and he shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, as he does on the Sabbath day. Then he shall go out; and after his going out one shall shut the gate.

13 “ ‘ “You shall prepare a lamb a year old without defect for a burnt offering to the LORD daily. Morning by morning you shall prepare it. 14 You shall prepare a meal offering with it morning by morning, the sixth part of an ephah, and the third part of a hin of oil to moisten the fine flour; a meal offering to the LORD continually by a perpetual ordinance. 15 Thus they shall prepare the lamb, the meal offering, and the oil, morning by morning, for a continual burnt offering.”

16 “ ‘The Lord GOD says: “If the prince gives a gift to any of his sons, it is his inheritance. It shall belong to his sons. It is their possession by inheritance. 17 But if he gives of his inheritance a gift to one of his servants, it shall be his to the year of liberty; then it shall return to the prince; but as for his inheritance, it shall be for his sons. 18 Moreover the prince shall not take of the people’s inheritance, to thrust them out of their possession. He shall give inheritance to his sons out of his own possession, that my people not each be scattered from his possession.” ’ ”

19 Then he brought me through the entry, which was at the side of the gate, into the holy rooms for the priests, which looked toward the north. Behold, there was a place on the back part westward. 20 He said to me, “This is the place where the priests shall boil the trespass offering and the sin offering, and where they shall bake the meal offering, that they not bring them out into the outer court, to sanctify the people.”

21 Then he brought me out into the outer court and caused me to pass by the four corners of the court; and behold, in every corner of the court there was a court. 22 In the four corners of the court there were courts enclosed, forty cubits long and thirty wide. These four in the corners were the same size. 23 There was a wall around in them, around the four, and boiling places were made under the walls all around. 24 Then he said to me, “These are the boiling houses, where the ministers of the house shall boil the sacrifice of the people.”

Ezekiel 47

1 He brought me back to the door of the temple; and behold, waters flowed out from under the threshold of the temple eastward, for the front of the temple faced toward the east. The waters came down from underneath, from the right side of the temple, on the south of the altar. 2 Then he brought me out by the way of the gate northward, and led me around by the way outside to the outer gate, by the way of the gate that looks toward the east. Behold, waters ran out on the right side.

3 When the man went out eastward with the line in his hand, he measured one thousand cubits, and he caused me to pass through the waters, waters that were to the ankles. 4 Again he measured one thousand, and caused me to pass through the waters, waters that were to the knees. Again he measured one thousand, and caused me to pass through waters that were to the waist. 5 Afterward he measured one thousand; and it was a river that I could not pass through, for the waters had risen, waters to swim in, a river that could not be walked through.

6 He said to me, “Son of man, have you seen this?”

Then he brought me and caused me to return to the bank of the river. 7 Now when I had returned, behold, on the bank of the river were very many trees on the one side and on the other. 8 Then he said to me, “These waters flow out toward the eastern region and will go down into the Arabah. Then they will go toward the sea and flow into the sea which will be made to flow out; and the waters will be healed. 9 It will happen that every living creature which swarms, in every place where the rivers come, will live. Then there will be a very great multitude of fish; for these waters have come there, and the waters of the sea will be healed, and everything will live wherever the river comes. 10 It will happen that fishermen will stand by it. From En Gedi even to En Eglaim will be a place for the spreading of nets. Their fish will be after their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceedingly many. 11 But its swamps and marshes will not be healed. They will be given up to salt. 12 By the river banks, on both sides, will grow every tree for food, whose leaf won’t wither, neither will its fruit fail. It will produce new fruit every month, because its waters issue out of the sanctuary. Its fruit will be for food, and its leaf for healing.”

13 The Lord GOD says: “This shall be the border by which you shall divide the land for inheritance according to the twelve tribes of Israel. Joseph shall have two portions. 14 You shall inherit it, one as well as another; for I swore to give it to your fathers. This land will fall to you for inheritance.

15 “This shall be the border of the land:

“On the north side, from the great sea, by the way of Hethlon, to the entrance of Zedad; 16 Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim (which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath), to Hazer Hatticon, which is by the border of Hauran. 17 The border from the sea shall be Hazar Enon at the border of Damascus; and on the north northward is the border of Hamath. This is the north side.

18 “The east side, between Hauran, Damascus, Gilead, and the land of Israel, shall be the Jordan; from the north border to the east sea you shall measure. This is the east side.

19 “The south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth Kadesh, to the brook, to the great sea. This is the south side southward.

20 “The west side shall be the great sea, from the south border as far as opposite the entrance of Hamath. This is the west side.

21 “So you shall divide this land to yourselves according to the tribes of Israel. 22 You shall divide it by lot for an inheritance to you and to the aliens who live among you, who will father children among you. Then they shall be to you as the native-born among the children of Israel. They shall have inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel. 23 In whatever tribe the stranger lives, there you shall give him his inheritance,” says the Lord GOD.

Ezekiel 48

1 “Now these are the names of the tribes: From the north end, beside the way of Hethlon to the entrance of Hamath, Hazar Enan at the border of Damascus, northward beside Hamath (and they shall have their sides east and west), Dan, one portion.

2 “By the border of Dan, from the east side to the west side, Asher, one portion.

3 “By the border of Asher, from the east side even to the west side, Naphtali, one portion.

4 “By the border of Naphtali, from the east side to the west side, Manasseh, one portion.

5 “By the border of Manasseh, from the east side to the west side, Ephraim, one portion.

6 “By the border of Ephraim, from the east side even to the west side, Reuben, one portion.

7 “By the border of Reuben, from the east side to the west side, Judah, one portion.

8 “By the border of Judah, from the east side to the west side, shall be the offering which you shall offer, twenty-five thousand reeds in width, and in length as one of the portions, from the east side to the west side; and the sanctuary shall be in the middle of it.

9 “The offering that you shall offer to the LORD shall be twenty-five thousand reeds in length, and ten thousand in width. 10 For these, even for the priests, shall be the holy offering: toward the north twenty-five thousand in length, and toward the west ten thousand in width, and toward the east ten thousand in width, and toward the south twenty-five thousand in length; and the sanctuary of the LORD shall be in the middle of it. 11 It shall be for the priests who are sanctified of the sons of Zadok, who have kept my instruction, who didn’t go astray when the children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray. 12 It shall be to them an offering from the offering of the land, a most holy thing, by the border of the Levites.

13 “Alongside the border of the priests, the Levites shall have twenty-five thousand cubits in length and ten thousand in width. All the length shall be twenty-five thousand, and the width ten thousand. 14 They shall sell none of it, nor exchange it, nor shall the first fruits of the land be alienated, for it is holy to the LORD.

15 “The five thousand cubits that are left in the width, in front of the twenty-five thousand, shall be for common use, for the city, for dwelling and for pasture lands; and the city shall be in the middle of it. 16 These shall be its measurements: the north side four thousand and five hundred, and the south side four thousand and five hundred, and on the east side four thousand and five hundred, and the west side four thousand and five hundred. 17 The city shall have pasture lands: toward the north two hundred fifty, and toward the south two hundred fifty, and toward the east two hundred fifty, and toward the west two hundred fifty. 18 The remainder of the length, alongside the holy offering, shall be ten thousand eastward and ten thousand westward; and it shall be alongside the holy offering. Its increase shall be for food to those who labor in the city. 19 Those who labor in the city, out of all the tribes of Israel, shall cultivate it. 20 All the offering shall be a square of twenty-five thousand by twenty-five thousand. You shall offer it as a holy offering, with the possession of the city.

21 “The remainder shall be for the prince, on the one side and on the other of the holy offering and of the possession of the city; in front of the twenty-five thousand of the offering toward the east border, and westward in front of the twenty-five thousand toward the west border, alongside the portions, it shall be for the prince. The holy offering and the sanctuary of the house shall be in the middle of it. 22 Moreover, from the possession of the Levites, and from the possession of the city, being in the middle of that which is the prince’s, between the border of Judah and the border of Benjamin, shall be for the prince.

23 “As for the rest of the tribes: from the east side to the west side, Benjamin, one portion.

24 “By the border of Benjamin, from the east side to the west side, Simeon, one portion.

25 “By the border of Simeon, from the east side to the west side, Issachar, one portion.

26 “By the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun, one portion.

27 “By the border of Zebulun, from the east side to the west side, Gad, one portion.

28 “By the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar to the waters of Meribath Kadesh, to the brook, to the great sea.

29 “This is the land which you shall divide by lot to the tribes of Israel for inheritance, and these are their several portions, says the Lord GOD.

30 “These are the exits of the city: On the north side four thousand five hundred reeds by measure; 31 and the gates of the city shall be named after the tribes of Israel, three gates northward: the gate of Reuben, one; the gate of Judah, one; the gate of Levi, one.

32 “At the east side four thousand five hundred reeds, and three gates: even the gate of Joseph, one; the gate of Benjamin, one; the gate of Dan, one.

33 “At the south side four thousand five hundred reeds by measure, and three gates: the gate of Simeon, one; the gate of Issachar, one; the gate of Zebulun, one.

34 “At the west side four thousand five hundred reeds, with their three gates: the gate of Gad, one; the gate of Asher, one; the gate of Naphtali, one.

35 “It shall be eighteen thousand reeds in circumference; and the name of the city from that day shall be, ‘The LORD is there.’

Reading the Vision with the Fathers

The Measured Temple: Holiness, Order, and the Communion of Saints

The vision begins with a man whose appearance is like bronze, carrying a measuring reed and cord (Ezekiel 40:3). Measurement does not make the passage merely an architect’s plan. In prophetic Scripture, measuring marks something as belonging to God, ordered by Him, and preserved for His purpose (compare Zechariah 2:1–5 and Revelation 11:1–2; 21:15–17).

St. Jerome (about AD 347–420), priest, translator of the Vulgate, and one of the Church’s great biblical scholars, identifies the heavenly measurer with the true Master Builder. The apostles and teachers of the Church participate in His work by building living people upon the one foundation, Jesus Christ (1 Corinthians 3:9–11). Of the surrounding wall Jerome writes:

“We liken this to the Church of Christ, and each day I can see it being built in the saints.”2

St. Gregory similarly sees the city as the communion of saints: as one stone supports another in a building, believers bear and are borne by one another. He adds that God can speak simultaneously “of the whole Church” and “of a single soul.”3 The courts and ascending steps therefore invite two related readings. They show the ordered holiness of the Church, and they portray each Christian’s movement from initial faith toward purification, love, contemplation, and communion with God.

The Return of the Glory

The heart of the vision is not the measurements but the Presence. The LORD returns and declares, “This is the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell among the children of Israel forever” (Ezekiel 43:7). The first tabernacle and Solomon’s Temple had likewise been completed by the descent of divine glory (Exodus 40:34–38; 1 Kings 8:10–13). Ezekiel now sees that presence restored after judgment.

The New Testament reveals the fullest meaning of God’s dwelling. The Word “became flesh and lived among us”—literally, tabernacled among us—and the disciples saw His glory (John 1:14). Christ calls His own body the temple that will be raised in three days (John 2:19–21). United to Him, the Church becomes “a holy temple in the Lord” and “a habitation of God in the Spirit” (Ephesians 2:21–22). Ezekiel’s restored sanctuary is thus inseparable from Christ’s Incarnation, Resurrection, and indwelling Church.

The Altar and the Return of Sacrifices

Ezekiel 43–46 describes burnt offerings, sin offerings, blood, priests, Sabbaths, new moons, and Passover. Some modern systems therefore expect a future earthly temple with renewed animal sacrifices. That reading creates a serious New Testament difficulty. Hebrews teaches that the former sacrifices were shadows, that Christ offered Himself “once for all,” and that where sins are forgiven “there is no more offering for sin” (Hebrews 7:27; 9:11–14, 24–28; 10:1–18).

The Fathers read Ezekiel’s sacrificial language typologically. The prophet speaks in the liturgical forms available to him, while the reality is fulfilled in Christ’s one sacrifice and made present in the worship of His Church. The altar signifies approach to God through sacrifice; its perfect fulfillment is the Cross and the Eucharistic thanksgiving, not a rival system of atonement. Christians also offer themselves, praise, mercy, and material gifts as “spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ” (Romans 12:1; Philippians 4:18; Hebrews 13:15–16; 1 Peter 2:5).

The detailed priestly rules nevertheless remain morally searching. Ministers must distinguish holy from common, teach God’s people, judge faithfully, and refuse to turn sacred office into private gain (Ezekiel 44:15–31). St. Gregory used Ezekiel 44:20—the priests must neither shave their heads nor let their hair grow long—as an image of pastoral balance: those who care for others must attend to earthly needs without allowing temporal anxieties to obscure spiritual sight.4

The Shut Eastern Gate and the Theotokos

After the glory enters from the east, the outer east gate is shut because the LORD has entered through it (Ezekiel 44:1–3). The Church has long heard in this gate a mystery of the perpetual virginity of Mary, the Theotokos. This does not exhaust the verse’s meaning: within Ezekiel, the closed gate first proclaims the uniqueness and holiness of God’s entrance. Yet that very uniqueness makes it a fitting prophetic image of the unique Incarnation.

“It is very likely that these words refer to the womb of the Virgin, through which no one enters and from which no one departs other than the only one who is the Lord.”5

So writes St. Theodoret of Cyrus (about AD 393–458). St. Ambrose of Milan asks similarly, “Is not Mary the gate through whom the Redeemer entered this world?” St. Jerome says that some “nobly understand the Virgin Mary as the door that is closed,” remaining virgin before and after Christ’s birth.6 This patristic consensus explains why Ezekiel 44:1–3 appears so often in Orthodox Marian hymnography.

The River from the Sanctuary

Ezekiel 47 transforms measured architecture into new creation. A trickle from the temple becomes water to the ankles, knees, and waist, then a river too deep to cross. It heals the salt sea, fills it with fish, and nourishes trees that bear fruit continually. The image gathers earlier Scripture: the river of Eden (Genesis 2:10), water from the rock (Exodus 17:1–7), and the river whose streams gladden God’s city (Psalm 46:4). It flows forward into Zechariah 14:8 and Revelation 22:1–2.

St. Jerome gives the river an ecclesial and sacramental reading:

“The waters that flow forth from the threshold of the temple refer to the teaching of the Church. . . . They show the saving grace of baptism and are the beginnings of our progress.”7

The water is the life of the Holy Spirit proceeding from God’s presence, the grace of Baptism, and the Gospel flowing through the apostolic Church into a dying world (compare John 7:37–39). Its increasing depth also portrays growth in the spiritual life: grace is entered truly at the beginning, yet its depths cannot be mastered. The leaves that heal the nations join Ezekiel directly to Revelation 22:2. The Church receives life at the sanctuary and exists to carry that life outward.

The Land, the Foreigner, and the City

The tribal allotments do not reproduce Israel’s old geography. They are idealized horizontal bands arranged around a sacred center. Even more strikingly, resident foreigners are to receive inheritance among Israel’s tribes (Ezekiel 47:21–23). Restoration is not a return to ethnic exclusion. This anticipates the gathering of the nations into the people of God: Gentiles are “no longer strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints” (Ephesians 2:19).

The city has twelve gates bearing the names of Israel’s tribes (Ezekiel 48:30–34). Revelation’s New Jerusalem likewise has twelve tribal gates, together with twelve apostolic foundations (Revelation 21:12–14). John also sees the city measured, square, filled with divine glory, and watered by the river of life. These correspondences are too sustained to be incidental.

Yet Revelation contains a striking development: “I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb are its temple” (Revelation 21:22). Ezekiel’s promise is not discarded but brought to completion. The purpose of every sanctuary—God dwelling with humanity—fills the whole city. There is no longer a need to approach a localized holy building because all creation has become holy in the unveiled presence of God and the Lamb.

Does Ezekiel Give a Blueprint for a Future Third Temple?

The text certainly uses architectural precision, and Christians should not mock a literal expectation that God would restore His people after exile. Nevertheless, several observations caution against treating the chapters as construction documents for a future revival of the Mosaic sacrificial order:

  1. The Second Temple was built after the exile, but it did not reproduce Ezekiel’s plan.
  2. The geography becomes visionary: a life-giving river flows from the sanctuary and heals the Dead Sea, while the land is redistributed in symmetrical bands.
  3. The New Testament identifies Christ’s body and His Church as the temple and declares His sacrifice final.
  4. Revelation deliberately takes up Ezekiel’s measurements, gates, glory, river, trees, and divine presence, but places them in the New Jerusalem where God and the Lamb are the temple.
  5. The Fathers consistently find Christ, the Church, Baptism, spiritual growth, the Theotokos, and the heavenly city in the vision rather than proposing the restoration of animal sacrifice as Christianity’s final hope.

The best Orthodox reading is therefore one of fulfillment rather than simple cancellation or wooden repetition. Ezekiel’s vision begins with Israel’s historical hope, flowers in Christ and His Church, shapes the soul’s ascent in holiness, and reaches its fullness in the transfigured creation.

Related Passages

God Commands a Sanctuary

8 Let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them. 9 According to all that I show you, the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all of its furniture, even so you shall make it.

—Exodus 25:8–9

Glory Fills Solomon’s Temple

10 When the priests had come out of the Holy Place, the cloud filled the LORD’s house, 11 so that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud; for the LORD’s glory filled the LORD’s house.

—1 Kings 8:10–11

Christ Is the Temple

19 Jesus answered them, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.” 21 But he spoke of the temple of his body.

—John 2:19, 21

The Church Is God’s Temple

16 Don’t you know that you are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit lives in you? 17 If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy him; for God’s temple is holy, which you are.

—1 Corinthians 3:16–17

The Once-for-All Sacrifice

11 Every priest indeed stands day by day serving and offering often the same sacrifices which can never take away sins, 12 but he, when he had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down on the right hand of God. 14 For by one offering he has perfected forever those who are being sanctified.

—Hebrews 10:11–12, 14

The New Jerusalem

22 I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. 23 The city has no need for the sun or moon to shine, for the very glory of God illuminated it and its lamp is the Lamb.

—Revelation 21:22–23

1 He showed me a river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb, 2 in the middle of its street. On this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruits, yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.

—Revelation 22:1–2

The Final Word: The LORD Is There

The closing name interprets the entire vision. Its ultimate subject is not cubits, gates, land surveys, or even ritual. It is restored communion with God:

The name of the city from that day shall be, “The LORD Is There.”

—Ezekiel 48:35

The Bible’s temple story begins with God walking with humanity in Eden, passes through tabernacle and temple, reaches its center when the Word becomes flesh, and ends with God and the Lamb dwelling openly among a healed creation. Ezekiel stands at the great prophetic turning point of that story. The glory that departed returns. The barren sea lives. The nations receive healing. The foreigner receives an inheritance. God’s people are ordered around His presence, and their home is named by the promise for which every human heart was made: The LORD Is There.

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the World English Bible (WEB). The divine name is printed as LORD, following the WEB Protestant Edition used here.

1 St. Gregory the Great, Homilies on Ezekiel 2.1.3, excerpted in the patristic commentary on Ezekiel 40.
2 St. Jerome, Commentary on Ezekiel 12.40.5–13, excerpted in the patristic commentary on Ezekiel 40.
3 St. Gregory the Great, Homilies on Ezekiel 2.1.5 and 2.2.15.
4 St. Gregory the Great, Pastoral Rule 2.7; compare Ezekiel 44:20.
5 St. Theodoret of Cyrus, Commentary on Ezekiel 16.44, excerpted in the patristic commentary on Ezekiel 44.
6 St. Ambrose of Milan, Letter 44; St. Jerome, Commentary on Ezekiel 13.44.1–3, excerpted in the patristic commentary on Ezekiel 44.
7 St. Jerome, Commentary on Ezekiel 14.47, excerpted in the patristic commentary on Ezekiel 47.